Tuesday, 23 October 2012

The Monstrous Feminine

''In Carrie, the film's most most monstrous act occurs when the couple are drenched in pigs blood, which symbolises menstrual blood  in terms of set up by the film. Women are referred to as 'pigs', women 'bleed like pigs', and the pig's blood runs down Carrie's body at a moment of intense pleasure, just as her own menstrual  blood ran down her legs during a similar pleasurable moment in the shower. Here, women's blood and pigs blood flow together signifying horror, shame and humiliation''.
The Horror Reader - Barbara Creed.

I agree with this opinion the connotations of the scenes and their uncanny link very clearly relates the blood scenes to humiliation and horror for both Carrie and the male viewer. I have noted that the film may have a misogynistic stance; this can be seen through the many negative representations of women. The females of the film are shown to be either bullies, evil mothers, misunderstanding Carrie, or controlling over their boyfriends. I have found no positive example of a female in the film whilst the males are not explored in detail.

Another example of 'the monstrous feminine is horror film 'Jennifer's Body' in which Jennifer is presented as a demon seducing men just to eat them.

Sunday, 14 October 2012

Propp's character theory

Propp created a character theory which every fairy tale includes in order to drive the narrative forward. Propp looked at each character's role in the narrative and why they were needed for the storyline.
  1. Hero - the main protagonist who drives the narrative forward. they will have a form of a mission to undertake in return for a reward/princess. 
  2. Villain - the opposition to the hero seeking to stop them succeeding in their mission by posing a threat. They are presented as greedy wanting riches glory power and sometimes the princess for themselves. 
  3. (Magical) Helper - accompanies the hero for some or most of the quest and can sometimes help, but cannot themselves complete the quest.
  4. Donor/mentor - gives the hero important information in the quest. they are often represented as wise or having magical powers, but can't do the quest without the hero.
  5. Dispatcher - sends hero on the quest
  6. Princess' father/blocker - tries to prevent the hero completing the least part of the quest
  7. Princess/reward - acts as a reward for the hero succeeding in the quest. in older more stereotypical narratives the heroine is s passive princess and female. In modern narratives the heroine can be more feisty
Critisicims of Propp's theory are that he ignores character tone and mood which differentiates from one tale to another.
Levi Strauss took a structuralist approach to  seeking meaning and critisized propp

Todorov's narrative structure


 Todorov attempted to create narative structure that could be applied to any film
  1. The film will begin with a state of equilibrium where everything is normal
  2. There is then disruption of the equilibrium 
  3. After this change the disruption is recognised
  4. attempts to repair disruption are made 
  5. finally at the end of the film we see a return or restoration of a new equilibrium
Todorov's extended narrative theory
  • Exposition
  • Development
  • Complication
  • Climax
  • Resolution
Example; This narrative structure can be seen in horror film; The Facualty (1998)
  1. The film opens with a normal everyday example of an American high school and typical students and teachers; this is the state of equilibrium (Exposition)
  2. This equilibrium is then disrupted by a couple of teachers becoming murderous and appearing out of character (Development)
  3. later the disruption is recognised by a group of students noticing an assault on another faculty member (Complication)
  4. The group then attempt to repair the disruption by killing the infected and finally the cause of the disruption (Climax)
  5. The state of equilibrium is then returned to everyday life but relationships have shifted and the characters view each other differently  (Resolution)
A criticism of this structure would be aside from The Faculty horror films do not usually resolve themselves, leaving the film open ended and the threat still at large. This is more appropriate for a horror film as it scares the viewer more leaving them paranoid.

Friday, 12 October 2012

Narratives

known
  • life
  • the everyday
  • normal physical matter
  • human normality
  • 'normal' sexuality
  • social order
  • sanity
  • health
  • culture

Tuesday, 9 October 2012

Aliens and the unknown

'Alien' film's alien
I feel the 'alien' will always be a scary concept to humans as I would describe them as a physical manifestation of the unknown; the ultimate limitless fear. However I am sceptical of how the human imagination can further the concept to continue to surprise us. Will the limitless alien become stereotypical?

These are some thoughts I had after reading an article 'Fear and Fascination'. The writer describes and explains different theories surrounding aliens based around the film 'alien' and more.
The article explains fear of aliens as being fear of the unknown or uncontrollable; uncontrollable due to how they represent the human id; in Alien (1979) they selfishly go around killing impregnating anyone and doing what they want we morally panic at this sense of disastrous recklessness.

'Men in Black' alien
The article at one point talks about representation of aliens and despite them being scary due to our unfamiliarity with them, how we perceive them depends on the film's representation of an 'alien' creature. A film such as Men in Black (1997) takes a playful stance on the extraterrestrial, who are represented as holiday makers at an airport or common working class citizens amongst us displaying human characteristics. some of the aliens are shown to be bad or criminal but I believe this is just a reflection of the human race. E.T. (1982) represents aliens as innocent and of lower intelligence than ourselves meaning the viewer is less scared of the being however horror films intent to scare viewer so represent aliens as completely the 'other' and an uncontrollable intelligent threat to life as we know it. Alien (1979) is a great example of this the aliens are shown to be like nothing we have ever seen before with its exoskeleton on the outside and of metallic appearance.Their blood burns like acid a substance we connect to danger and difficult to contain.

'Fear and Fascination'
English and media centre February 2009 media magazine page 41-43

Monday, 8 October 2012

Child's Play Trailer [HQ]



  • the opening sets up a utopian scenario where the characters are at their happiest setting them up for disruption
  • conventional horror ediditing is shown at the end of each scene the shot fades to black
  • the camera zooms into chucky's face mysteriously setting him up as the plot driver and suggested antagonist
  • the music is also cheery at the beggining but after zooming in on chucky the next shot begins with low shocking organs
  • the slasher genre icon of a knife is frequently shown
  • use of red writing connoting blood, rage and thus violence
  • the tag line at the end of the trailer 'there's nothing innocent about child's play' tops off the fact that although essentially a child's toy Chucky has sinister and evil intentions

Sunday, 7 October 2012

Bram Stoker's Dracula (1992) symbolisim

symbols are used as connotations or subtle warnings or metaphors presenting horror or the mystery of plot
symbolism in the opening;

  • Christ's cross a blatant opposite of evil and is a warning that with good comes bad. the cross appears agian on a chain too.
  • the moon on the top of the mosque could represent the rivalry of the religions or a symbol of night and with it darkness
  • the red  mist/sky is a connotation of rage and blood
  • corpses already show a theme death
  • impailing is a violent and savage way of killing
  • red blood stains the pure white note
  • dark shadows and shadow play are presented all throughout the opening
  • the diegetic howls are unsettling perhaps identifying that  something bad about to happen
  • a black horse is featured, usually black horses are used with black carriages used for funerals 
  • the red cloak represents flowing blood
  • the shadow moving of its own accord is associated with evil spirits

Steve Neale (1990); genre and audience

genres do not consist only of films; they consist also of an equality of specific systems of expectations and hypothesis which spectators bring with them to the cinema and which interact with the films themselves during the course of the viewing process. these systems provide spectators with the means of recognition  and understanding.

by this Neale means certain conventions are necessary for understanding as the audience has certain expectations of the genre.

Can a monster ever be attractive?

I believe this is extremely uncommon but nowadays a monster can sustain an attractive form temporarily when in human form for example Jennifer's Body 2009 but this often connotes dishonesty.

However Dracula films over time show it is evident that horror monsters are becoming more human and less other.

  • Orlok in Nosferatu is a horrific representation of a monster and as far from humanity as the film-makers could imagine at the time. He is shown to be bald, pale, pointy eared, hunchbacked, thick browed, with dark sunken eyes, creepy long fingers and high shoulders all creating a odd, unattractive and disturbing being.

  • Christopher Lee's portrayal of Dracula was charismatic and attractive. He was presented visually human.

  • Francis Ford Coppola represented Bram Stoker's Dracula with deep emotional qualities and rooted the character's 'otherness' to his past experiences. Making the 'monster' not only visualy human but humain by giving the character motivation and aims making him more relatable yet still ruthless
The transformation of the popular Dracula monstrous character over time shows how horror continuously adapts and changes in order to surprise its audience, and begs the question can a monster ever be attractive or will we have to be disgusted or diffrentiated from them in order for the horror to be effective.

Similarities and differences in The Grudge, Final Destination and Child’s play



In the horror films Final Destination and The Grudge death is a prominent theme, and many fall to this fate. Therefore both storylines make the viewer feel avoiding this outcome will be impossible, for example; in Final Destination the danger is death itself and the threat is all around them in everyday life. The threat in the grudge is not physical but instead the supernatural who are difficult to trace, alongside this once being haunted a protagonist's cursed fate is sealed and their death imminent.

Child’s Play and Final Destination have aspects of a thriller and would be classed as hybrids. Being tracked down by a possessed doll or trying to keep ahead of death would be classed as thriller genre conventions. Although the death is important to the plots, the chase and thrill of the hunt also greatly contributes to the horror of the situation. A ICONthat can be seen in both of these films is gore both use extreme violence and exaggerated death to create a lot of blood and gore. This is very apparent in Child’s play as Chucky is often seen wielding a knife, this is consistent with symbolism of a slasher film. Although there are a lot of murders in The Grudge they do not need gore to create the effect of horror, as a psychologhical thriller the chase is more important in order to scare viewers.

Although the plots of Final Destination, The Grudge and Childs Play are arguably equally deadly the characters that fall victim to the horror are very different in each film.  Final Destination is based on a group of protagonists, a whole class. This enables the spectator to see a personal relationship between every character and what their death means to their close friends, the other characters. Overall this could be more devastating and scary, seeing everyone in the same situation as yourself killed by unknown circumstances. Despite the characters being able to team up and work together finally leaving three survivors, the deaths of so many close characters also amplifies a new sense of loneliness and isolation within the group. Loneliness and isolation clearly apparent for the main protagonist of Child’s Play, not only is a doll coming to life difficult to believe initially but the fact the character Andy is a child means the general people who would be safeguards think he is making it up mainly due to his immaturity. This issue can make the situation much scarier than it seems as he is facing the antagonist serial killer doll Chucky alone. This is not always the case as there is less unity in The Grudge, less of a link to each other and more to the house itself as all the initial characters are killed off quickly playing as an trap to lure more people into the house. Because of the killings and lack of unity for example despite the Williams being a family the wife and grandmother do not like the husband’s choice of house, the grandmother is then further isolated from the pair by having dementia. This lack of togetherness differentiates The Grudge from the other aforementioned films, when considering their characters and the role they play in the horror.

Mise-en-scene varies in each film all are set in the protagonist home environments although this is arguable. I say this because the nature of the situation places the characters in unfamiliar territory. In The Grudge despite the scene being their home, they have just moved there and already feel out of place. Much of Final Destination is based on a variety of sets, although living at home the group visit places such as the railway line, a morgue, even an airport. These are not a common dwellings in everyday life. Finally Chucky, similar to The Grudge, is in the protagonist’s home but this time where he has lived for years. By having the antagonist share the same living space as the characters the audience feel the threat to be more personal and therefore scarier. The lighting in horror films are usually dark and gloomy, while all three films use this convention they also have long periods of daytime and light, I believe this connotes the reality that the horror is happening to average people, this make the viewer more paranoid and scared. Due to the dissimilar natures of each films antagonist or threat, the looks or aesthetic representation of the threat are difficult to compare. Whilst Final Destination has avoided all form of an antagonist, by using the concept of bad fate as the danger, both Child’s Play and The Grudge have taken an opposite stance creating a horrific looking physical being or entity. They are even given backstory’s and personality. Both films then use shadow play to amplify the dark mysteriousness of the character. The Grudge uses contrasting colours of black and white. The ghosts have jet black hair and pale white faces; this gives them a shocking look. Child’s Play tends to use dark shadows on parts of Chucky’s face making his eyes darker, sunken and suspicious. Shadows under his brow also make him appear angrier. I feel this is far more complex  than The Grudges use of shadow for the representation of the antagonist, but accept that this may be necessary as Chucky being a doll needs further means to show expression on his face whereas the ghosts in The Grudge are more horrific when blank-faced and lifeless.

All three films now have sequels and even if not followed horror films usually leave the film open ended and unresolved, this is scarier leaving the viewer feeling uncertain and paranoid father than safe with closure. However Child’s Play does not follow this convention as Chucky is certainly killed at the end of the film (despite being reassembled in the sequel) this leaves the current viewers calm and safe in the knowledge Chucky is gone. But still Chucky has been a successful haunt suggesting the antagonist does not need to live on to be eternally scary. The Grudge however takes a different stance after a failed attempt to burn the cursed house, the surviving woman realised outside of the house she is still haunted by the mother ghost giving an unpredictable outcome. Final Destination also leaves a very open ending having the three survivors left in the same situation continuously trying to put off death, the director James Wong clarifies this as a philosophical note on people in general, this also creates a scary effect at how relevant the horror is to the viewer.

Shaun of the Dead bar scene; Horror conventions

Although a less traditional horror film; comedy-horror 'Shaun of the Dead' is an example of how all sub genres of horror contain conventional horror aspects.

bar scene mise en scene
  • dark room and little lighting
  • the open window shows they are open to threat
  • the white swaying curtain is a common symbol of purity that is usually tainted
  • Shaun's white shirt is already tainted by a splatter of red blood
  • abandoned/isolated location
bar scene sound
  • a drumming is used to represent the characters heartbeat and the tension of the scene
  • a diegetic creaky door is eerie
  • a rewound sound effect is creepy
  • a non diegetic rattling is unsettling
  • the diegetic sound of the zombies moaning is disturbing
bar scene camera work and editing
  • fast cuts mirror the actions and frantic thoughts of the characters
  • fats pans show the desperation of the situation
  • a  slow zoom in helps build the tension of the scene

Nosferatu opening; links to the genre and themes


  1. The scene is delightful and there is an essence of romance in the mise en scene with flowers and music. however this period makes the viewer suggest what could go wrong? and what's up with the seemingly perfect town? building tension.
  2. A couple are introduced appearing to be the main characters but the scene still does not connote horror.
  3. Embracing each other then man hands the woman flowers connoting life.
  4. however she only see's plucking the flowers as killing them. This sis first horror connotation and symbolises death is to come.
  5. when the dark magic is introduced in a letter the non diegetic music becomes low and there are sudden changes in the tone making the viewer unsettled as a dark suspense builds, warning the viewer the letter brings no good.
  6. this scene leaves the viewer in worry as it leaves many questions unanswered  although very  important to the plot. what do the contents of the letter say/mean? the estate agent is presented as shift and suspicious  should he be trusted? and what is so mysterious about the building the scene highlights?
  7. when choosing a house to sell to Nosferatu the camera quickly pans to a deserted building as the idea struck the audience is left reeling at its relevance and is presented as another warning of this deal.
  8. the camera slowly fades preparing the viewer for a softer scene. Depicting the girl extremely upset by her partner's leaving, the scene strikes the viewer emotionally presenting feelings of loneliness and loss preparing the viewer for the loss and pain much worse to come.
Some theme's used here are;
  • fears and myths of foreigners (at the time Transylvania was known as the 'land of the ghost'.
  • fears of strangers
  • fears of separation
  • fears of loneliness
  • an uncertainty of trust
  • playing on the unknown
  • corruption and greed
  • the fragile nature of love 
  • abandonment and female abandonment during this time

Wednesday, 3 October 2012

Horror sub-genres and hybrids


A sub-genre is for works which fall into a specific class within a genre which
is a larger category, in this case horror films whilst a horror hybrid is a combination of horror film aspects and conventions of another genre.




Alien (1979) Is a classic example of a science-fiction horror film, another example I have looked at is The Thing (1982) both use an extraterrestrial antagonist which is conventional of sci-fi horror but can also extend to the threat being mad scientist or scientific advances.
 

I Am Legend (2007)
A post-apocalyptic science-fiction horror film
Zombie film this sub-genre also contains categories within it such as ‘zombie apocalypse’ a break down in society due to a living dead outbreak, I Am Legend is also an example of this, so is  Shaun of the dead (2004) though this also fits into the category ‘zombie comedy’.
Shuan of the Dead's (2004) UK release poster provokes a humorous response whilst being in the zombie horror genre.
Frankenstein (1931) is classed as a horror monster film
The Faculty (1998) a science fiction horror is also an example of teen horror which is usually based around a ratable teenage/youth lifestyle with the main protagonists being young or teenagers.



Slasher films are a popular sub-genre of horror and can usually be identified by the icons such as knives, axes and other killer weapons being frequently shown to elicit violent murders, the antagonist of Slasher films are commonly psychotic serial killers.
 
Psycho (1960)  is a forerunner of the Slasher sub-genre when comparing this film to Sceam (1996) athough the theme remains there has been a definate evolution in Slasher films as they push new limitations and break expectations of the sub-genre.

Blair witch project is both a psychological horror; which threatens to uncap the protagonists  fears and mental stability and a splatter film which purposefuklly focuses in on gore and gruesome violence to horrify its viewers.


supernatural horrors films are constantly reacurring throught time as they play on the timeless fear of the unknown.

Tuesday, 2 October 2012

Horror film timeline


This timeline roughly shows the evolution of horror films according to fears in society at the time.

Themes and fears in society examples

Horrors reflect fears in society at the time.Whilst films in the 20’s may have used monsters to be scary, they have become too predictable for our generation almost. But new fears in society arise which also changes the themes and dynamic of horror film altogether.

Films which themes play on fears in society nowadays would be apocalyptic films such as; '2012' (2009) and 'The Day After Tomorrow' (2004). They have amplified peoples concerns about the suspected end of world in 2012. After diseases such as types of influenza creating a state of panic, films such as; 'I Am Legend' (2007) and 'Rise of the Planet of the Apes' (2011) use disease as a probable cause of the post-apocalyptic state in which the films are set. They also contain a theme of science going too far. This has been a common Horror theme since early films such as 'Frankenstein' (1931).
The Final Destination film series 
The final destination film series is a great example of exaggerating viewers everyday worries. everyday aspects of life such as lifts, roller coasters breaking down, heavy weights, lorry control on the road, glass, average sports and even tanning beds become a way in which a protagonist will or could easily die. This is hard hitting as although  these incidents would rarely happen they are realistic.

Eden Lake (2008)
relates to the fears of a 'broken Britain' and the hoodlums the next generation of teens appear to be becoming.
Parts: The Clonus Horror
A science-fiction horror film in which living clones of people in society are made, then harvested for organs for the originals. This plays on peoples concerns of medical, scientific and technological advances. The storyline touched on taboos such as cloning, someone having to die for someone to gain an organ and the lengths people are willing to go to for immortality. These concerns still remain and an imitation of the film was made as science-fiction thriller 'The Island' in (2005) it too depicted the elite being able to do as they please.



Horror themes

Horror themes tend to play on or amplify fears in society. By exploiting the viewer’s worst nightmares and paranoia of the unknown writers and directors create horror as it gives frightened emotional reaction from the audience. Recurring themes in horror films are supernatural and macabre. Horrors themes also often link to other genres such as thrillers and supernatural.
Boogeyman (2005)
Is a take on the childhood fear of 'the boogeyman' who hides in closets or under beds. reviving past or hidden fears and provoking paranoia in the place the viewer may feel most safe; their room yet most vulnerable; asleep at night.


Examples of conventional horror camera techiniques



Mother's Day (1980) horror-thriller film
The low angle shows the mother’s power over the girl in the shot.




Michael Jackson’s thriller music video  
The music video uses horror conventions such as this extreme close up.
 

Alfred Hitchcock’s Psycho (1960)
Psycho also uses a extreme close up in the shower scene as Marion screams.
  

 Cloverfield (2008) monster horror-thriller film
Cloverfield is filmed all in hand held camera and from the characters point of view making the viewer feel they are living the experience and that the events could actually have happened.
 

Monday, 1 October 2012

horror conventions; camera work

·         Hand held camera's make the situation seem more realistic and frantic.
·         Point of view shots allow us to see from the villains perspective view this could mean we know the victim is being snuck up upon without revealing the antagonist to the viewer which tends to be more scary. Or the point of view could be from the protagonist making the viewer feel they are also under threat.
·         Close ups allow us to see the characters reaction to the horrific situation this works well with an eyeline match. Whereas extreme close ups can make the viewer uncomfortable which is ideal for an unsettling horror film.
·         Slow panning and zooms build tension in a scene.
·         Low angle and High angles help to amplify a characters dominance of helplessness in a scene.